Academic Vocabulary: Frequency Ranking
This page has brief information on the selection and ranking criteria for words in the academic vocabulary list.
Selection
The 1000+ words listed and tested in this part of the site were all found in the subject textbooks of the upper school students at Frankfurt International School (FIS). They are words that I classified as general academic; i.e. neither everyday words nor subject-specific words.
Frequency ranking
The frequency ranking, as shown in the full-list page and as also appended below, is based on the number of hits returned by Yahoo Yahoo was found to provide more consistently reliable results for large numbers of hits than Google.
More in the Search engine choice section below.
on a September 2008 search restricted to sites in the educational domain (.edu). The number below shown is in millions, so the word add, for example, got 269 x 1,000,000 = 269,000,000 hits.
It is important to note that the search was done on the keyword only; the frequency ranking, however, results from multiplying the search hits number by a factor The Yahoo hit count has been multiplied by a factor according to the class (part of speech) of the word.
The factor for verbs is 3.0 to account for the additional verb forms (add: adds, added, adding).
The factor for nouns is 2.0 to account for the plural form; and the factor for adjectives/adverbs is 1.5.
representing the alternative forms of the keyword.
Absence of selection filter
It is also important to note that no attempt was made to filter out hits that did not correspond to the meaning of the word chosen for this list. Thus, the million+ hits for the word stable include not only those with the chosen meaning not changing; not easy to change (adjective) but also many with the meaning of the dwelling of a horse (noun).
Advice to learners
For the reasons listed above, the numbers themselves are not particularly significant and contain some anomalies. They do, however, give a reasonable indication of the relative importance to learners of the words listed.
All other things being equal, it is preferable for students to learn more common words such as available and access before less common ones such as distort and expel.
Search engine choice
At the time of creating this list it was evident that Yahoo was providing more consistently reliable results for large numbers of hits than Google. For more on this see the research by French linguist Jean Véronis.
This may not still be true in 2020. But in any case, the actual numbers are to a large extent irrelevant with regard to the intended use of the list.
More information
There is more information about these words for learners and for teachers.
Word list
The following list shows the words ordered by decreasing frequency. The numbers are given in rounded to the nearest hundred. Multiply by a million to get the approximate number of Yahoo results for a search on that word.
contact: 99800
research: 68200
site: 66600
state: 58000
view: 57000
education: 54400
form: 51600
provide: 47100
staff: 47000
include: 46200
community: 42400
found: 41100
course: 41000
address: 40200
support: 39800
own: 39000
description: 36400
review: 36000
apply: 35400
service: 35200
current: 34050
present: 33600
policy: 33600
order: 31200
control: 31200
public: 30900
request: 30600
available: 30600
area: 28800
process: 28200
add: 26910
related: 26400
level: 26400
field: 26200
access: 25800
create: 25710
experience: 25200
degree: 25000
main: 24600
focus: 24540
design: 24400
receive: 24300
schedule: 24000
develop: 23880
section: 23200
administration: 22800
point: 22400
career: 22200
version: 22000
select: 21990
event: 21600
approach: 21600
master: 21420
member: 21400
associate: 21090
location: 21000
individual: 20800
submit: 20610
society: 20400
previous: 20400
major: 20100
continue: 20010
increase: 20010
materials: 19940
series: 19720
aid: 19660
opportunity: 19560
share: 19530
term: 19420
transfer: 19350
determine: 19050
source: 18840
consider: 18780
require: 18540
environment: 18460
quality: 18300
complete: 18300
offer: 18270
code: 18020
result: 17880
performance: 17860
guide: 17760
statement: 17660
several: 17550
improve: 17070
discuss: 16920
local: 16800
role: 16660
resource: 16560
enter: 16470
issue: 16400
range: 16020
means: 15920
credit: 15920
cover: 15840
while: 15800
account: 15700
identify: 15570
risk: 15510
period: 15440
committee: 15400
release: 15390
facilities: 15260
power: 15260
status: 15140
participate: 15030
structure: 14880
function: 14860
join: 14850
appear: 14850
various: 14730
image: 14620
theory: 14420
potential: 14300
force: 14280
base: 14100
record: 13980
annual: 13820
final: 13770
summary: 13680
since: 13600
attend: 13560
purpose: 13540
necessary: 13420
grant: 13360
standard: 13360
impact: 13340
notice: 13290
rate: 13240
explore: 13230
response: 13200
common: 13160
separate: 13050
produce: 13050
ensure: 12870
key: 12860
basic: 12820
effect: 12780
physical: 12640
obtain: 12630
ability: 12620
maintain: 12600
method: 12560
format: 12540
goal: 12340
exchange: 12330
amount: 12300
appropriate: 12240
respect: 12060
industry: 12040
reduce: 11970
represent: 11880
occur: 11850
assist: 11820
case: 11800
growth: 11740
technical: 11680
conduct: 11640
survey: 11600
remain: 11550
indicate: 11490
institution: 11480
prepare: 11460
particular: 11440
decision: 11420
advance: 11370
affect: 11370
topic: 11300
global: 11250
lecture: 11220
similar: 11180
background: 11160
explain: 11160
measure: 11040
distance: 10920
store: 10890
avoid: 10860
legal: 10740
purchase: 10710
region: 10680
trade: 10650
evidence: 10640
suggest: 10590
relationship: 10500
achieve: 10500
contain: 10350
attention: 10320
rather: 10290
original: 10290
effective: 10280
due: 10200
evaluate: 10110
choice: 10100
cause: 10080
among: 9940
volume: 9900
sample: 9860
scale: 9820
treatment: 9760
effort: 9760
refer: 9720
progress: 9700
alternative: 9700
establish: 9690
political: 9660
encourage: 9660
comment: 9660
especially: 9580
reflect: 9570
context: 9560
certain: 9560
contribute: 9480
complex: 9460
display: 9420
minimum: 9420
economic: 9390
prevent: 9390
thus: 9360
equipment: 9360
promote: 9300
attempt: 9300
demonstrate: 9270
enhance: 9240
assume: 9180
property: 9100
figure: 9100
average: 9090
examine: 9090
significant: 8970
seek: 8940
loss: 8920
responsibility: 8880
express: 8850
independent: 8850
finance: 8820
instruction: 8800
recently: 8800
error: 8760
enable: 8760
entire: 8740
therefore: 8660
accept: 8520
detail: 8480
exist: 8430
abstract: 8420
benefit: 8400
category: 8360
tool: 8200
task: 8200
block: 8160
fund: 8140
feature: 8100
likely: 8040
whether: 8020
protect: 7980
define: 7950
recognize: 7920
overall: 7900
unique: 7890
directions: 7840
manage: 7830
simply: 7780
perspective: 7600
deal: 7600
situation: 7580
gain: 7560
official: 7540
initial: 7520
generally: 7520
justice: 7500
monitor: 7470
reserve: 7440
analyze: 7440
against: 7420
connect: 7410
challenge: 7400
item: 7380
remove: 7380
generate: 7380
advantage: 7340
edit: 7290
surface: 7280
trust: 7260
regular: 7230
implement: 7200
involve: 7170
procedure: 7160
component: 7140
district: 7140
fee: 7120
operation: 7100
prior: 7100
influence: 7080
former: 7050
stress: 7050
positive: 6990
condition: 6980
relevant: 6940
comparison: 6920
object: 6920
assess: 6900
solve: 6840
limit: 6840
lack: 6800
concept: 6800
strategy: 6780
stage: 6760
generation: 6720
expand: 6720
facilitate: 6720
manner: 6700
approximately: 6690
yet: 6650
recommend: 6630
estimate: 6630
comprehensive: 6580
pursue: 6570
claim: 6540
introduce: 6540
assignment: 6540
extend: 6450
regard: 6420
discover: 6390
opinion: 6360
spread: 6330
engage: 6300
external: 6270
sequence: 6260
raise: 6240
though: 6130
visual: 6080
speed: 6060
brief: 6040
tend: 6030
communicate: 6030
target: 6000
earn: 5970
actual: 5970
balance: 5960
pressure: 5960
damage: 5940
supply: 5900
income: 5880
fail: 5850
beyond: 5850
extent: 5840
portion: 5840
concern: 5820
phase: 5820
consult: 5790
regarding: 5790
abuse: 5790
essential: 5780
practical: 5720
investigate: 5670
commercial: 5660
replace: 5640
perhaps: 5610
contract: 5580
sound: 5580
demand: 5560
decrease: 5550
prove: 5550
depend: 5550
broad: 5520
majority: 5500
pattern: 5440
authority: 5420
objective: 5400
inform: 5400
construct: 5340
train: 5310
transition: 5300
instead: 5290
observe: 5280
diverse: 5250
conflict: 5240
experiment: 5240
contrast: 5200
minor: 5190
rise: 5160
interact: 5130
numerous: 5120
specify: 5100
domain: 5060
interpretation: 5060
yield: 5040
circumstances: 5020
urban: 5010
reform: 5010
instance: 5000
contemporary: 5000
permit: 4980
vary: 4960
cycle: 4920
consistent: 4900
otherwise: 4900
profit: 4860
label: 4860
exhibit: 4860
dynamic: 4840
scope: 4840
military: 4830
formal: 4820
reply: 4820
equivalent: 4820
realize: 4800
poor: 4760
expert: 4740
technique: 4720
deliver: 4710
donate: 4680
element: 4660
proper: 4650
judge: 4650
fear: 4650
serious: 4640
license: 4640
principal: 4620
mention: 4590
consist: 4590
coordinate: 4590
outstanding: 4580
prefer: 4560
arise: 4560
mechanism: 4560
except: 4510
argument: 4500
chief: 4500
mental: 4470
sum: 4440
unless: 4440
appeal: 4440
tradition: 4440
modify: 4380
fundamental: 4360
ratio: 4320
innovation: 4320
random: 4320
suppose: 4320
constant: 4300
organize: 4260
agent: 4260
combine: 4260
aware: 4230
reverse: 4230
illustrate: 4230
outline: 4220
typical: 4200
aspect: 4180
exceed: 4170
repeat: 4170
eliminate: 4170
immediate: 4170
integrate: 4140
verify: 4140
consent: 4140
desire: 4140
factor: 4120
incorporate: 4110
elementary: 4100
principle: 4100
predict: 4080
accurate: 4080
valid: 4060
broadcast: 4050
shift: 4020
debate: 4000
valuable: 4000
conclude: 3990
appreciate: 3990
utilize: 3990
resident: 3960
propose: 3960
priority: 3920
device: 3920
decline: 3900
indeed: 3880
command: 3880
proceed: 3870
reasonable: 3860
respectively: 3840
eligible: 3820
constitute: 3810
acquire: 3810
permanent: 3800
reveal: 3780
succeed: 3780
accomplish: 3780
efficient: 3760
publish: 3750
distinguish: 3750
compete: 3720
highlight: 3720
truth: 3700
sufficient: 3700
remote: 3690
retain: 3690
preserve: 3690
extremely: 3660
fulfill: 3630
secure: 3600
crisis: 3580
outcome: 3560
detect: 3540
employ: 3540
familiar: 3540
rank: 3540
subsequent: 3540
gather: 3510
emphasize: 3510
qualify: 3480
novel: 3480
eventually: 3440
medium: 3400
adjust: 3390
adopt: 3390
overcome: 3360
launch: 3360
transform: 3360
skill: 3340
confirm: 3300
attack: 3300
duration: 3280
alter: 3270
substantial: 3270
latter: 3260
firm: 3260
install: 3240
exercise: 3200
sector: 3180
convert: 3180
arrange: 3180
somewhat: 3150
rapid: 3150
aim: 3140
scheme: 3120
legislation: 3120
encounter: 3120
gap: 3100
decade: 3080
preliminary: 3060
insight: 3060
domestic: 3060
atmosphere: 3040
interior: 3020
distinct: 3000
compensation: 3000
rare: 3000
correspond: 2980
hence: 2980
attach: 2960
exact: 2960
worth: 2950
route: 2920
profession: 2920
willing: 2910
layer: 2900
guarantee: 2900
despite: 2890
possess: 2890
formula: 2880
acknowledge: 2880
distribute: 2880
insert: 2870
suffer: 2870
hypothesis: 2860
severe: 2840
mobile: 2840
delay: 2840
revolution: 2840
survive: 2830
behalf: 2820
ignore: 2820
advocate: 2820
adequate: 2820
announce: 2810
duty: 2800
furthermore: 2800
greatly: 2800
belief: 2800
largely: 2790
attract: 2770
notion: 2760
doubt: 2760
afford: 2750
capable: 2740
stable: 2740
optional: 2740
comply: 2730
obvious: 2720
classic: 2720
quantity: 2720
belong: 2720
imply: 2720
custom: 2700
trend: 2680
moreover: 2670
ancient: 2660
citizen: 2660
revenue: 2640
boundary: 2640
import: 2620
magnitude: 2620
fairly: 2620
ideal: 2610
assure: 2610
derive: 2590
restrict: 2580
battle: 2580
commit: 2570
invest: 2560
bond: 2560
approve: 2560
diagnosis: 2540
harm: 2530
adapt: 2520
neither: 2510
expense: 2500
elect: 2500
flexible: 2500
phrase: 2500
temporary: 2480
advise: 2440
journey: 2440
uniform: 2430
ultimate: 2430
suitable: 2420
admit: 2410
automatic: 2380
considerable: 2370
vital: 2360
interval: 2360
identical: 2340
emerge: 2340
retreat: 2340
symbol: 2320
apparent: 2320
crucial: 2310
phenomenon: 2300
reliable: 2300
substitute: 2280
justify: 2280
victory: 2280
attitude: 2280
bias: 2260
struggle: 2260
consequence: 2260
simultaneously: 2250
recover: 2240
collaborate: 2230
denote: 2230
clarify: 2230
sustain: 2220
superior: 2220
suspect: 2220
apart: 2220
trace: 2200
proportion: 2200
counsel: 2180
restore: 2160
collapse: 2140
frequent: 2130
defend: 2130
logical: 2120
overlap: 2120
merely: 2100
incident: 2100
thereby: 2080
reward: 2070
passage: 2060
diagram: 2060
strain: 2050
impose: 2030
destroy: 2030
contrary: 2020
explicit: 2010
strive: 2000
pure: 2000
anticipate: 2000
withdraw: 2000
characteristic: 1980
vast: 1980
penalty: 1980
roughly: 1980
cancel: 1970
entity: 1970
asset: 1970
reject: 1950
accompany: 1930
enforce: 1930
liberty: 1920
stimulate: 1900
bulk: 1900
virtually: 1890
precise: 1890
wise: 1890
disaster: 1880
ordinary: 1880
naturally: 1880
govern: 1870
nevertheless: 1860
whereas: 1850
moderate: 1840
convey: 1830
regulate: 1820
discrete: 1800
prime: 1800
hierarchy: 1800
deny: 1780
artificial: 1780
adjacent: 1780
exclude: 1770
smooth: 1770
exploit: 1760
comprise: 1750
compile: 1740
induce: 1730
praise: 1720
occasionally: 1720
evolve: 1710
interfere: 1700
mixture: 1690
undertake: 1690
revise: 1690
margin: 1680
accordingly: 1680
attain: 1670
refuse: 1660
behave: 1660
formulate: 1650
fault: 1650
obligation: 1650
evident: 1650
arbitrary: 1640
royal: 1640
absent: 1640
trigger: 1610
adhere: 1600
react: 1600
plenty: 1590
intention: 1590
expose: 1590
constraint: 1570
enlarge: 1570
occasion: 1560
anonymous: 1560
settle: 1560
attribute: 1560
extract: 1550
perceive: 1550
compatible: 1540
protest: 1540
absolutely: 1540
namely: 1530
incentive: 1530
satisfactory: 1530
transmit: 1500
verbal: 1500
conform: 1500
violate: 1500
undergo: 1480
motivate: 1480
widespread: 1480
extraordinary: 1480
negotiate: 1480
resist: 1480
manipulate: 1470
inherent: 1470
massive: 1470
intense: 1460
align: 1460
territory: 1460
dispute: 1460
rational: 1450
criterion: 1450
blame: 1430
controversy: 1420
dramatically: 1420
owe: 1410
voluntary: 1400
reinforce: 1400
dominate: 1390
instant: 1380
depart: 1380
deserve: 1370
steady: 1370
thorough: 1370
manufacture: 1360
ban: 1360
sole: 1350
definitely: 1330
neutral: 1330
privilege: 1330
strict: 1310
differentiate: 1310
prospect: 1310
forecast: 1300
terminate: 1300
sphere: 1300
classify: 1300
convince: 1290
multiply: 1290
enormous: 1290
tough: 1280
consume: 1280
feasible: 1270
debt: 1260
forthcoming: 1260
bold: 1250
occupy: 1250
radical: 1230
allocate: 1220
province: 1220
assert: 1210
gradually: 1210
manifest: 1210
besides: 1200
odd: 1200
confront: 1190
slight: 1160
cooperate: 1150
infer: 1150
dimension: 1150
assemble: 1130
inquire: 1120
accumulate: 1120
devote: 1110
hesitate: 1100
straightforward: 1100
prompt: 1090
supervise: 1090
legitimate: 1090
persist: 1080
hardly: 1080
appoint: 1080
rotate: 1060
passive: 1040
cease: 1040
episode: 1040
accelerate: 1030
loose: 1030
drain: 1020
threaten: 1020
absorb: 1020
confident: 1020
profound: 1020
habit: 1020
inhibit: 1010
isolate: 1000
commodity: 990
conscious: 990
defeat: 980
fare: 970
tolerate: 970
remedy: 970
prohibit: 970
retire: 960
dense: 960
apparatus: 950
subtle: 940
competent: 930
suppress: 930
inspect: 920
insist: 910
programme: 910
abandon: 900
implication: 900
infinite: 890
surplus: 890
neglect: 880
oppose: 880
indirectly: 880
trivial: 880
declare: 870
amend: 860
convenient: 850
omit: 850
devise: 840
concise: 840
genuine: 830
shortage: 830
intrinsic: 820
obey: 820
abundant: 820
comprehend: 820
diminish: 810
persuade: 810
elaborate: 810
surround: 800
abnormal: 790
fragment: 790
warn: 790
subjective: 790
regret: 770
unite: 770
probable: 760
disrupt: 760
rigid: 760
dismiss: 760
prejudice: 760
dictate: 760
override: 740
prevail: 740
halt: 740
exert: 740
interrupt: 740
inevitable: 730
conserve: 720
conversely: 720
urgent: 720
ignorance: 710
fortunate: 710
authentic: 710
supplementary: 710
migrate: 710
dispose: 700
suspend: 700
predominantly: 690
liable: 690
shrink: 690
defect: 680
obstacle: 670
barely: 670
affair: 670
statistic: 670
ambitious: 670
discern: 660
intervene: 660
homogeneous: 660
invent: 650
underlie: 640
illuminate: 640
labour: 640
exhaust: 640
ambiguous: 630
spare: 630
ruin: 630
beneath: 620
speculate: 610
seldom: 600
spontaneous: 590
friction: 590
hostile: 580
commence: 570
impulse: 550
lessen: 550
trait: 550
harsh: 530
criticize: 530
objection: 530
append: 520
vague: 520
deliberate: 510
circulate: 510
embody: 500
correlate: 500
dedicate: 500
scarce: 500
precede: 500
fade: 490
overly: 490
presume: 480
symptom: 480
deed: 480
prestige: 480
degenerate: 470
contradict: 470
imaginary: 470
motive: 460
complicate: 460
deviate: 460
impress: 450
credible: 450
signify: 450
deduce: 440
immense: 430
obsolete: 430
provoke: 420
anomaly: 410
postpone: 410
universally: 410
compel: 410
conceal: 400
resign: 390
contemplate: 390
prosper: 390
deficient: 390
procure: 380
perpetual: 380
coincidence: 380
distort: 370
albeit: 370
diverge: 350
cautious: 350
displace: 350
propensity: 340
faint: 330
descend: 330
exponent: 330
condemn: 330
deprive: 320
reluctance: 320
revive: 310
disperse: 310
annotate: 310
superficial: 300
assimilate: 300
confine: 300
drawback: 290
drastic: 290
refute: 290
stereotype: 290
culminate: 290
enumerate: 270
offend: 260
instinct: 260
subsidize: 260
compulsory: 250
utter: 240
deteriorate: 240
fluctuate: 240
recur: 240
invisible: 230
accuse: 230
stipulate: 200
allege: 190
fallacy: 190
detriment: 190
forego: 190
entitle: 180
magnify: 180
exaggerate: 170
expel: 170
assent: 170
precaution: 160
frustrate: 150
sane: 130
averse: 120
disturb: 120
research: 68200
site: 66600
state: 58000
view: 57000
education: 54400
form: 51600
provide: 47100
staff: 47000
include: 46200
community: 42400
found: 41100
course: 41000
address: 40200
support: 39800
own: 39000
description: 36400
review: 36000
apply: 35400
service: 35200
current: 34050
present: 33600
policy: 33600
order: 31200
control: 31200
public: 30900
request: 30600
available: 30600
area: 28800
process: 28200
add: 26910
related: 26400
level: 26400
field: 26200
access: 25800
create: 25710
experience: 25200
degree: 25000
main: 24600
focus: 24540
design: 24400
receive: 24300
schedule: 24000
develop: 23880
section: 23200
administration: 22800
point: 22400
career: 22200
version: 22000
select: 21990
event: 21600
approach: 21600
master: 21420
member: 21400
associate: 21090
location: 21000
individual: 20800
submit: 20610
society: 20400
previous: 20400
major: 20100
continue: 20010
increase: 20010
materials: 19940
series: 19720
aid: 19660
opportunity: 19560
share: 19530
term: 19420
transfer: 19350
determine: 19050
source: 18840
consider: 18780
require: 18540
environment: 18460
quality: 18300
complete: 18300
offer: 18270
code: 18020
result: 17880
performance: 17860
guide: 17760
statement: 17660
several: 17550
improve: 17070
discuss: 16920
local: 16800
role: 16660
resource: 16560
enter: 16470
issue: 16400
range: 16020
means: 15920
credit: 15920
cover: 15840
while: 15800
account: 15700
identify: 15570
risk: 15510
period: 15440
committee: 15400
release: 15390
facilities: 15260
power: 15260
status: 15140
participate: 15030
structure: 14880
function: 14860
join: 14850
appear: 14850
various: 14730
image: 14620
theory: 14420
potential: 14300
force: 14280
base: 14100
record: 13980
annual: 13820
final: 13770
summary: 13680
since: 13600
attend: 13560
purpose: 13540
necessary: 13420
grant: 13360
standard: 13360
impact: 13340
notice: 13290
rate: 13240
explore: 13230
response: 13200
common: 13160
separate: 13050
produce: 13050
ensure: 12870
key: 12860
basic: 12820
effect: 12780
physical: 12640
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