Relative clauses
Defining relative clauses
Relative clauses are clauses starting with the relative pronouns who*, that, which, whose, where, when. They are most often used to define or identify the noun that precedes them. Here are some examples:
- Do you know the girl who started in grade 7 last week?
- Can I have the pencil that I gave you this morning?
- A notebook is a computer which can be carried around.
- I won't eat in a restaurant whose cooks smoke.
- I want to live in a place where there is lots to do.
- Yesterday was a day when everything went wrong!
Relative pronouns are associated as follows with their preceding noun:
- He was a man that ..
- An orphan is a child whose parents ..
- The oak is a tree that ..
- This is a book whose author ..
Note 1: The relative pronoun whose is used in place of the possessive pronoun. It must be followed by a noun. Example: There's a boy in grade 8 whose father is a professional tennis player. (There's a boy in grade 8. His father is a professional tennis player.)
Note 2: The relative pronouns where and when are used with place and time nouns. Examples: FIS is a school where children from more than 50 countries are educated. 2001 was the year when terrorists attacked the Twin Towers in New York.
Non-defining relative clauses
Some relative clauses are not used to define or identify the preceding noun but to give extra information about it. Here are some examples, with the non-definitng relative clause italicised:
- My ESL teacher, who came to Korea in 2013, likes to ride his mountain bike.
- The heavy rain, which was unusual for the time of year, destroyed most of the flowers in my garden.
- Einstein, who was born in Germany, is famous for his theory of relativity.
- The boy, whose parents both work as teachers at the school, started a fire in the classroom.
- My mother's company, which makes mobile phones, is moving soon from Frankfurt to London.
- In the summer I'm going to visit Italy, where my brother lives.
There is a special type of non-defining relative clause that refers back to the whole of the clause that precedes it. An example is He shouted at his boss, which is never a good idea. In this case, it is the "shouting at the boss" that the relative clause is referring to, not to the word boss. Here are more examples of what are called sentence relative clauses:
- I walk to work every day, which keeps me fit.
- Maiko won the chess competition, which surprised everyone including herself.
- He apologised for his behaviour, which was a sensible thing to do.
- The train to the airport was late, which meant that I missed my flight.
Note 1: Relative clauses which give extra information, as in the example sentences above, must be separated off by commas.
Note 2: The relative pronoun that cannot be used to introduce an extra-information (non-defining) clause about a person. Wrong: Neil Armstrong, that was born in 1930, was the first man to stand on the moon. Correct: Neil Armstrong, who was born in 1930, was the first man to stand on the moon.
Omission of the relative pronoun
There are two common occasions, particularly in spoken English, when the relative pronoun is omitted:
1. When the pronoun is the object of the relative clause it can be omitted. In the following sentences the pronoun that can be left out is enclosed in (brackets):
- Do you know the girl (who/m) he's talking to?
- Where's the pencil (which) I gave you yesterday?
- I haven't read any of the books (that) I got for Christmas.
- I didn't like that girl (that) you brought to the party.
- Did you find the money (which) you lost?
Note: You cannot omit the relative pronoun a.) if it starts a non-defining relative clause, or, b.) if it is the subject of a defining relative clause.
For example, which / who are necessary in the following sentences: a.) The cat, which belongs to my neighbour, got stuck up a tree. b.) What's the name of the girl who won the tennis tournament?
2. When the relative clause contains a present or past participle and the auxiliary verb to be, then both relative pronoun and auxiliary can be omitted:
- Who's that man (who is) standing by the gate?
- The family (that is) living in the next house comes from Slovenia.
- She was wearing a dress (which was) covered in blue flowers.
- Most of the parents (who were) invited to the conference did not come.
- Anyone (that is) caught writing on the walls will be expelled from school.
Additional information
* There is a relative pronoun whom, which can be used as the object of the relative clause. For example: My science teacher is a person whom I like very much. To many people the word whom now sounds old-fashioned, and it is rarely used in spoken English.
† Some native speakers, particularly those from the USA, consider it a mistake to use which in a defining/restrictive relative clause. Advanced learners of English can read more about this on Language Log .
More resources for learning relatives
There are several interactive quizzes on relative clauses and pronouns in the Other grammar drop-down menu on the Grammar index.
There are two video lessons on this topic elsewhere on this site: Relative clauses 1 and Relative clauses 2